capable of some address, from three to four years of age, new corporations, devoted to the guardianship and guidance of children, have the care of conducting them in the different workshops of the Phalanstery, and in the gardens, orchards, fields, kitchen-gardens, stables, cow-houses, and poultryyards, where they have constantly under their eyes the labours of organized groups and series. The superintendents will consist chiefly of old men and matrons, for old age sympathizes most with childhood. The various aptitudes and talents of these young children will be allowed freely to dawn, grow, and develop themselves: their instinct of imitation is such, that to attract them to industry, it would be sufficient to allow them the use of miniature tools of gardening and general industry; they will immediately make use of them ardently and passionately, as they are instructed. They will not seek to break and destroy; but, stimulated by the example of children a little older than themselves, already useful workers, who enjoy certain privileges, such as larger and more substantial instruments, agreeable uniforms, a regular organization in groups and series, the little children will strive to put all the address of which they are susceptible into their miniature labours. A certain pride innate in children will likewise be taken advantage of, a feeling which makes them aspire to participate in the labours of those a little older, to render themselves useful, to be of importance; this will be turned to account from the earliest infancy upwards. In the gardens they will grub up noxious weeds; in the kitchen they will turn little spits, shell peas, wash the vegetables, sort the fruit, wash the plates, &c. From the moment that they become useful, they will be formed into choirs and corporations, groups and series, regularly disciplined in all their studies and their occupations. In each group are established different degrees of capacity, which is a means of emulation contained within the group itself, without reckoning the rivalries between contiguous groups. A means still more powerful, is the successive passage of childhood in different phases, corresponding to different ages. In proportion as he acquires vigour and intelligence, the child passes successively through different choirs and companies of youth, all of which enjoy the prerogatives and privileges conformable to their employments, which are successively more difficult and more elevated, so that each child has before him a group more advanced in strength and skill, into which he cannot enter, without perfecting himself, and passing the examinations necessary to prepare him for the labours and the studies of the group above."

Plenty of provision this for the social and material education, excepting in one very material point! How is it to be ensured that all these young Phalansterian angels may not with genuine perverseness become attached to one occupation-perhaps to that of doing nothing? As for their religious education, in that as well as the social and material, independence seems the foundation, the principlepick it up where and as you can. They are to see God in his works; to feel him in themselves; to recognise his presence in the social harmony of the Phalanx. Of course creeds are quite out of the question; it is these that have brought fear and darkness over man's soul, and shut him out from heaven. As for setting apart a body of men as teachers of religion-cannot be dreamt of-monstrous-contrary to attraction. What! when a man is allowed to be painter, servant, professor of music, ditcher, and cook, consecutively, shall one man be bound to be a teacher of religion for more than two hours? Fit it in between the cooking and the dancing lesson; take a two hours' turn at it in the barn, the cellar, the cow-house, the garden,

the stable, the poultry-yard, or any other of the perpetual scenes and texts of Phalansterian instruction. But mark another benefit to arise from stocking the world with Phalansterian colonies-unlimited travelling, cheap and instructive. Each individual will travel as his nature prompts him, with a view to pleasure, from want of motion, or for instruction and utility. The next great benefit is the formation of mighty armies, not of warriors, but of workers; not of subversive, but of constructive glory; to create, instead of to destroy; to spread themselves over the world as candidates for work, ready to construct, in one campaign, a canal through the isthmus of Suez, a rail-road through the desert of Sahara, or a tunnel through the Alps or Apennines. But hear the teacher

"In harmony, a magnificent career opens itself for all active dispositions; it is at once the aim, the recompense, and the completion of the first education. This career is that of the industrial armies, which, in numbers of many hundred thousand men, will spread themselves over the whole world, to cultivate and fertilize the earth, to embellish and make it fit for human

beings to inhabit. These armies will be sacred legions, conquering the physical obstructions of the globe, and cleansing it from all impurities. The substitution of industrial armies for the present armies of destruction is one of the most sublime conceptions of Fourier, and one which opens the largest field for the imagination with regard to the material prospects of the globe.

"Industrial armies spring naturally from the system of unity. That which would be quite impossible in the present state of national hostility, namely, the levy of a million of athletic industrials, drawn from fifty empires, each furnishing twenty thousand men, will be easily effected WHEN all countries, organized in unitary series of Phalanxes, and living in harmony, shall have for their first care the progressive cultivation and embellishment of the whole globe.

"If we divest ourselves of the prejudice of false perfectibility, and cast an impartial glance over the globe, we are immediately struck with astonishment in seeing that, after so many ages, some thousand years of man's existence, it is yet a wilderness, a desert! but we soon discover the real cause of this calamity in our destructive armies, who have permanently steeped the earth in human blood, and ravaged it incessantly; destroying man's creations as fast as they arose, and opposing their destructive furies to the industrial genius of humanity. How is it that philanthropists, on seeing these disastrous struggles, have not proposed to themselves the union of five hundred thousand men, engaged in general constructive labours rather than destructive energy? In contemplating the magnificent results which would arise from substituting industrial for destructive armies, they would have discovered the principles of unity which could alone maintain them, and they would also have discovered the true social state, the destiny

of man.

Why industrial armies were not thought of before was because, mad as many philosophers have been, and devoted to impracticabilities, they had too much regard for their systems to hazard them by such an acme of nonsense. The primary requisite for the development of this theory seems a state of perfection; or, as Mr. Doherty would call it, Edenism. In order to prevent evil passions arising and being matured in the independent youths of the Phalanx, they are to live in an atmosphere of perfection. The example of others is to be

their guide, and the absence of everything imperfect, the means of preventing the introduction even of the thought of vice. Ergo, the independent elders of the Phalanx must be themselves perfect, in order to ensure the perfect education of the juniors by example. But as, according to M. Fourier, there is no scheme of education by which perfection such as a Phalansterian must enjoy, except by the means of a Phalansterian, the independent exemplars-the exempla majora―of the Phalanx must themselves have been nursed in machinerocked cradles, warm rooms, and educated on the Phalansterian scheme. Ergo, we have got into as pretty a vicious circle of argument as ever philosopher conceived.

The new philosophers are very eager in accusing the Socialists as having no religion, and in claiming for themselves the title of Christian philosophers. Will any one of their defenders, from Mr.Doherty, their pontifex maximus, to the curate of Horbling, tell us what their religious belief really and truly is. We are unwilling to disbelieve their assertions, as their notions are quite ridiculous enough not to require being stamped as unchristian; but to us and we will be judged by our friends-to us they do seem to be nothing better than deists.

Mr. Doherty aforesaid has, in his biography of Fourier, set out the eight "serious objections," which the world has advanced against his master's discoveries. The objections are of the world, worldly.

"1. Such pretended discoveries concerning the perfection of social institutions are mere arbitrary combinations, incompatible with human nature. "2. The science of society would have been discovered long ago, if it existed in principle.

"3. Such ideal perfection never has been, and therefore never can be, realized on earth.

"4. All theoretical systems are impracticable: the improvement of society must be the work of time in gradually reforming political institutions. "5. The condition of the poor must always depend on the state of trade, and be subject to its fluctuations.

"6. The political economists have described all the secret springs of production and economy.

"7. Commercial intercourse affords the most effectual means of generalising civilization among barbarous nations.

"8. Malthus has proved, that all systems of improvement in society are rendered inadequate by the principles of population."

These eight pins of objection, of course, Mr. Doherty knocks over with ease and self-satisfaction; he might have saved himself the trouble with the last, as Mr. Alison had long ago done his work for him. But to the O'Doherty, argument is as easy as Phalansterianism. And then, look at his vocabulary. Who can stand against such words as "edenism," "savageism," "competitive civilization," "solidarity," "simple association and contrasted association"? Who can match one who knows the exact note in the diatonic scale of the family affection of an orphan, or of a parent that has lost a child; or who can prove that "the family affection between parents and children, where the same father has legitimate children by his wife,

and illegitimate by his concubine"-oh, fie, for an attractive industry man!" is the dissonance of the first and second notes of the musical scale ?" As to the practicability of the scheme, we have now, after one failure, some years ago, a full-grown Phalanx in actual operation near Dijon. With some account of this material argument we will conclude our paper.

In the year 1841 Mr. Young purchased an estate of thirteen hundred acres, situated in the canton Nuits, about twelve miles from Dijon. On the estate was the old abbey of Citeaux, built about the end of the last century, with its orangeries, private theatre, monks' dormitory, and large out-buildings for farming purposes, including everything of stock and moveables. About 65,000l. was given for the property. On these lands, and in this chateau, Mr. Young has located a joint-stock company, or cooperative society, for working the estate of Citeaux, in whom the moveable property of the estate is vested; whilst another joint-stock company are proprietors of the estate itself. Mr. Young, of course, is head of the mob, called the responsible director, and is assisted by "associes commanditaires," signs for the society, and has three hundred shares out of the thousand, into which the million francs working capital is divided. By article 10, "Shareholders may either take part in the active industrial pursuits of the establishment, or not, as they please, and may transfer their shares as in other joint-stock companies. Once every year all the shareholders will meet to hear the directors' report, whilst the "commission de surveillance" will meet more often to inspect accounts and suggest improvements or alterations; the general body of shareholders elect the members of the "commission de surveillance," who again elect the directors. In number nine, they sit for three years, three retiring every year, but capable of re-election. So much for the "sociétaires externes." The "sociétaires internes," or cooperative members, the pure Phalansterians, come next. Let them state their own rules themselves.

"" SOCIETAIRES INTERNES -COOPERATIVE MEMBERS.

"Art. 24.-All persons employed in the active business of the establishment, manufacturing, commercial, agricultural, domestic, educational, administrative, or otherwise, will be interested in the general advantages of the society, by participating in the dividends awarded to labour, independently of capital, and without possessing any property in shares as hereinafter explained. Such members to be classed under the head of Sociétaires Internes,' or cooperative members.

"Art. 25.-The cooperative members, who possess at least one coupon of a share (value 47.,) will be entitled to elect a committee of three members from amongst themselves, who will have the right of inspecting, at all times, the general accounts of the society, and to give their advice collectively and consultatively to the director, with regard to the actual proceedings of the society, and the best mode of conducting particular operations practically. This committee will be elected by a majority of voters, and each coupon will give a right to one vote. The committee thus elected forming a cooperative council, designated the Conseil de Capital' (Council of Capital.)

“Art. 26.—All the cooperative members of the society, having attained

the age of 21 years, whether they possess coupons of shares or not, will have the right of electing a committee of three persons, to be named the 'Council of Industry' (Conseil du Travail.) Each person will be entitled to one vote, and this committee will be elected by the simple majority of

votes.

"The functions of this committee will consist in preparing regulations for the practical operations of industry and the daily distribution of labour, the fixing of salaries, &c. &c., subject to the approval of the directors.

"Art. 27.-The members of the Council of Capital will unite with those of the Council of Industry to form a collective council, to advise the director when he requires their assistance to decide upon internal regulations. In such cases, the united councils will elect a president from their own body, who will have a casting vote in case of equally divided votes.

"The members of these councils will be elected for one year, one-third of whom will retire every four months, and be replaced by new elections. During the first year the retiring members will be designated by drawing lots; and afterwards, the completion of the year's service will entitle members to retire.

"Art. 28.-Cooperative members are entitled to an advance of food, clothing, and accommodation for one year, equal to the estimated minimuin value of their labour for that period, which will be regulated by the general state of industry, and fixed by the director consistently with the wants of the member and the interests of the society.

“This minimum includes food, washing, and lodging, the education of children, with medical and necessary care in case of illness.

"This advance of a minimum will not in any case involve a debt or obligation from the person who receives it, as it will not be made to any person whose services are not deemed equal in value, except in cases of illness, orphans, or very young children.

"Art. 29.-Every labourer on the establishment, whether a hired servant or cooperative member of the society, will be under the authority of the director, and liable to be dismissed for improper conduct.

"No person will be admitted as a cooperative member, interested in the general dividends of this society, without having previously adhered to these rules and regulations.

"Art. 30.-The cooperative member who may be discharged for improper conduct in the course of the year, will not be entitled to any share of the general dividend at the end of the year; the minimum advanced being deemed equal to the services performed by such persons, who would have no claim upon the society under any pretext whatever."

What! improper conduct in a state of perfection?

"GENERAL DIVIDENDS.

"Art. 34-The necessary expenses of the establishment will be deducted from the total produce before the amount of dividend be fixed on the net amount of profit. These necessary expenses comprise: 1st.-All that is required to secure the minimum of comfort to the cooperative members, as stated in Art. 28. 2d. The minimum of interest guaranteed to the proprietors of the estate. 3d. All taxes and imposts legally due to the government of the country. 4th. All expenses of repair in the general wear and tear of the establishment.

“Art. 35.—In addition to the general expenses enumerated in the preceding article, the director and the "commission de surveillance," when the general inventory has been completed at the end of the year, will determine conjointly upon the amount of reserve required to guard against unfavourable harvests and other contingencies, such as the depreciation of value in machinery or other property, and this reserve fund will also be deducted from the general product, before the amount of dividend be fixed.