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Tothill, Sharp & Co., Tamarind Lane, Fort, Bombay; Mr. A. G. Humphreys, Casilla de Correo 675, Buenos Aires. OVER 1000 TESTIMONIALS IN ONE YEAR. TRENCH'S REMEDIES, Ltd., Dept. R, 33 South Frederick-st., Dublin. MOSAIC AND ENCAUSTIC TILE FLOORS OUR MR. O'HARA has 20 years experience and will give your esteemed enquiries his personal attention. RANGES, GRATES, BATHS, SANITARY GOODS, &C. J. J. O'HARA & CO. (Successors to O'Hara & Egan) 29/31 LINCOLN PLACE, DUBLIN. THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD A JANSENIST AGENT IN IRELAND IN 1646: THE REV. JOHN CALLAGHAN, D.D.1 BY REV. PATRICK BOYLE, C.M. HE Jansenist heresy had its origin in France in the second quarter of the seventeenth century. It took its name from Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, but its real founder was Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, abbé de Saint-Cyran. Having established himself at Paris, SaintCyran gathered disciples around him. Of these the most famous were the Arnaulds. Through them he was introduced to the Nuns of Port Royal, whose Director he eventually became. The errors of Jansenism spread rapidly. In 1643 Antoine Arnauld published his book La Communion frequente, in which he attacked the practice of frequent Communion. In five years that work reached six editions, and the result it produced was deplorable. In a letter dated June 25, 1648, St. Vincent de Paul writes : One no longer sees the sacraments frequented as heretofore, even at Easter. Several curés of Paris complain that they have had far fewer 1 SOURCES: (a) Memoires du R. P. Réné Rapin, S.J., 'sur l'Eglise, la Cour, la Ville, et le Jansénisme,' publiés par L. Aubineau, 3 vols. (Paris, 1865). (b) Un Collège des Jesuites aux XVII et XVIII siècles, Le Collège Henri IV ed la Fleche, par le R. P. Rochemontaix, S.J.; 4 vols. 8vo (Le Mans, 1889). Le Jangénisme Confondu, par le R. P. Brisacier, S.J. (Paris, 1651). (d) L'innocence et la vérité reconnues, par le R. P. Brisacier, S.J. (Paris, 1653). (e) MS. (Letters regarding Callaghan), Bib. Nationale, fonds latins 11708. FIFTH SERIES, VOL. XXII-JULY, 1923 communicants than last year. Saint-Sulpice has 3,000 less. The curé of Saint-Nicolas du Chardonnet, having visited the families of his parish in person or by others, told me recently that he found 1,500 of his parishioners who did not receive Communion; others say the same. You hardly see anyone going to Communion on the first Sunday of the month, or on feast days, or very few, and not more in religious communities.1 At this period a large number of Irish ecclesiastics were resident in Paris, some as students, others as professors in the University colleges, and others engaged in pastoral work. The leaders of the Jansenist heresy knew the power of propagandism, and they resolved to make use of it to spread their teaching. For this purpose they sought the acquaintance of the Irish priests in Paris, and having secured a few adherents amongst them, they decided to send one of them to Ireland as their agent. The person chosen for the purpose was John Callaghan, D.D., whose career is not devoid of interest. John Callaghan was born of humble parentage, near Cork, in the early years of the seventeenth century. Having acquired an elementary knowledge of classics, he set out for France, and arrived at Quimper in 1626, and applied for admission to the Jesuit College in that town. Father Hayneufe, the rector, took compassion on his poverty, and gave him the post of sweeper of the classrooms, and that of corrector of the pupils, the usage being that corpora punishment should not be inflicted by the teachers. II return for these services, he assigned him a salary o eighteen silver livres a year, together with a soutane, and a mantle to be worn when using the ferula. He als allowed him to take his meals with the servants, an permitted him to attend as an extern the class calle la seconde. Making little account of the humiliations he had t undergo, Callaghan continued his studies for four years classics and in philosophy at Quimper. Meanwhile 1 wielded the ferula with such success that, for years afte 1 Lettres de St. Vincent de Paul, vol. iii. p. 322, edit. 1921. |