Who Returns to Work & Why?: A Six-country Study on Work Incapacity & ReintegrationFrank S. Bloch, Rienk Prins Transaction Publishers - 306 pages Work incapacity has become a major social problem in most industrialized countries. It increases social expenditures for sickness and disability programs and declines in labor force participation rates. Most measures taken in an effort to counter this trend focus on narrowing eligibility criteria or reducing levels and duration of benefit payments. Others aim instead to restore health and work capacity, and to stimulate return to work. Who Returns to Work and Why? examines a wide range of interventions directed at work incapacity and reintegration that are used currently by social security institutions, health care providers, and employers. It draws on data from six longitudinal studies of day-to-day practices and experiences in Denmark, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. Sponsored by the International Social Security Association's project on work incapacity and reintegration (WIR project), this volume addresses key questions: do various interventions (by social security and health care systems) found in different countries make a difference as to work resumption patterns? If so, what are the best interventions? The contributors, lead researchers from the six countries involved in the WIR Project, provide a contextual background for the studies, including a comprehensive review of related literature; extensive descriptions of the measures taken by health care providers, employers, social security and other agencies, and the clients themselves, including medical interventions and vocational and other non-medical interventions; and qualitative and quantitative cross-national analyses of the measures applied, their impact on work resumption, and the role of incentives and disincentives. This book will be of special interest to policy makers, administrators, and scholars, as well as to doctors and other practitioners involved in rehabilitation and reintegration. Frank S. Bloch is professor of law and director of Clinical Education at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and a consultant to the International Social Security Association on the WIR Project. Professor Bloch is an expert in disability benefit claim processing and appeals, both in the United States and from a comparative perspective. Rienk Prins is research director at AS/tri Research and Consultancy Group in Leiden, the Netherlands, and has consulted on social security policy in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Dr. Prins specializes in social security sickness and disability programs and occupational risks, and rehabilitation and return to work strategies. |
Table des matières
Work Incapacity and Reintegration History and Aim of the WIR Project | 1 |
Participating Countries and Institutions | 2 |
Common Core Research Design | 3 |
Interventions Incentives and Disincentives | 4 |
Measurement of Outcomes | 5 |
Presentation of Data and Results | 6 |
References | 8 |
Social Security Work Incapacity and Reintegration | 9 |
When Work Accommodations were Applied | 150 |
Transportation to Workplace and Sheltered Workshops | 151 |
Combinations of Training Education and Work Accommodations | 152 |
Relationship to Work | 154 |
Disciplinary Actions and Labor Relationships | 155 |
Contacts With ColleaguesEmployer | 157 |
Relationship to Work Resumption | 158 |
Work Incapacity Assessment Benefit Withdrawal and Rehabilitation | 159 |
The Health Perspective | 10 |
Social Security Concerns | 11 |
Similarities and Differences | 12 |
Eligibility | 16 |
Administration and Determination of Eligibility | 17 |
Rehabilitation Services | 18 |
Job Protection | 20 |
A Comparative Overview | 21 |
Placing the Projects Research Questions in Context | 23 |
Notes | 25 |
Work Incapacity and Reintegration A Literature Review | 27 |
Clinical Studies | 28 |
Return to Work in Chronic Lowback Pain Patients | 29 |
Effects of Interventions | 31 |
Economic Studies | 33 |
Effects of Vocational Rehabilitation | 36 |
Public Policy Studies | 37 |
The Importance of Benefit Schemes | 38 |
Sociological Studies | 42 |
The Macro Approach | 43 |
A Theoretical Model of Work Incapacity and Work Resumption | 47 |
Summary and Conclusions | 49 |
Selected Literature from the Review | 51 |
Research Design and Methodology | 55 |
Operationalizing the Research Design | 57 |
Cohort Characteristics Interventions and Outcomes | 58 |
Observation Period and Measurement Points | 60 |
The National Cohorts | 61 |
Data Analysis Methods | 63 |
Cohorts Compared Crossnational Similarities and Differences | 65 |
Demographic Characteristics | 66 |
Work Characteristics | 70 |
Subjective Health Status | 71 |
Subjective Work Prognosis | 73 |
Nonresponse Analysis | 74 |
Comparison with Working Population | 75 |
Comparability of Cohorts | 77 |
Summary and Conclusions | 84 |
Work Status and Benefit Status | 85 |
Work Status and Benefit Status after One and Two Years | 86 |
Benefit Status | 88 |
Work Status at T3 and Demographic Health and Job Characteristics | 91 |
Conclusions | 95 |
The Role of Medical Interventions | 99 |
National Health Care Systems and the Back Patient | 101 |
Germany | 102 |
The United States | 103 |
Imaging Techniques | 104 |
Hospitalization Surgery and Bed Rest | 105 |
Treatments | 106 |
Medication and Injections | 107 |
Backrelated Health within the National Cohorts | 108 |
Medical Interventions | 111 |
Consultation with a Physiotherapist or Other Caregivers | 113 |
Imaging the Lumbar Spine | 115 |
Treatments | 117 |
Health Indicators and Return to Work | 124 |
General Function | 125 |
Vitality | 126 |
Mental Health | 128 |
Pain Intensity | 129 |
Summary and Conclusions | 131 |
Note | 132 |
Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions | 135 |
Scope and Provision of Interventions | 136 |
Actors Timing and Procedures in the Work Incapacity Process | 137 |
Conclusions | 143 |
Training and Education Measures | 144 |
When Training and Education Started | 145 |
Work Accommodations and Employer Motivators | 147 |
Work Accommodations | 148 |
Threat and Actual Withdrawal of Sickness Benefit | 160 |
Rehabilitation Inquiry and Plan | 161 |
Test of Vocational Capacity | 162 |
Assessment of Eligibility for Disability Benefit | 163 |
Capitalization of Benefit | 165 |
Job Services and Other Services | 166 |
Job Counseling | 167 |
Job Offer | 168 |
Job Club | 169 |
Change in Day Care Arrangements for Children | 170 |
Reduction of Waiting Periods for Health Care | 171 |
Relationship to Work Resumption | 172 |
Summary and Conclusions | 173 |
Work Accommodations | 174 |
Return to Former Work | 175 |
Relevance of Policy Context and Timing of Interventions | 177 |
Reference | 178 |
Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions in the Six Cohorts | 179 |
Summary of Work Incapacity Procedures | 186 |
A Closer Look at Work Resumption | 193 |
Type of Employer | 194 |
Occupation | 195 |
Changes in Hours Worked Wages and Occupation | 198 |
Work Resumption and Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions | 199 |
Work Resumption and Medical Interventions | 201 |
Medical Treatments | 203 |
Work Resumption Patterns | 204 |
Continuous Resumers Versus Relapse | 206 |
Work Resumption and Selected Baseline Characteristics | 209 |
Reasons Reported for Not Working | 211 |
Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions | 212 |
Patterns of Work Resumption | 213 |
Technical Note | 214 |
Appendix 91 Additional Data on Work Resumption Patterns | 215 |
Work Resumption and the Role of Interventions | 223 |
Work Capacity | 225 |
Overview of the Model and Strategy for Analysis | 228 |
Medical Interventions and Health in the First Year | 229 |
Baseline Characteristics Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions and Work Status in the First Year | 234 |
Baseline Characteristics | 235 |
Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions | 239 |
Baseline Characteristics Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions and Work Status in the Second Year | 240 |
Work Status at T2 | 243 |
Baseline Characteristics | 244 |
Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions | 245 |
The Cohorts Compared | 247 |
Major Determinants of Work Resumption | 250 |
Personal and Work Characteristics Baseline Characteristics | 251 |
Medical Interventions | 252 |
Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions | 253 |
Notes | 255 |
References | 256 |
Description of the Statistical Analysis Used | 257 |
Appendix 101 Full Results of Statistical Analysis | 258 |
Factors Influencing Work Resumption A Summary of Major Findings | 273 |
Ambitions and Restrictions | 274 |
Striking Differences in Work Resumption Rates and Patterns | 275 |
The Role of Demographic Health and Vocational Factors | 276 |
Health Condition Medical Treatments and Work Resumption | 277 |
Vocational and Other Nonmedical Interventions | 279 |
Resumers Nonresumers and Benefit Receipt | 280 |
Health Condition Interventions and Work Resumption Reconsidered | 281 |
Additional Conclusions from National Studies | 282 |
Germany | 283 |
Sweden | 284 |
References | 285 |
Overview of Variables | 287 |
List of Project Publications | 296 |
Contributors | 305 |
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